The global water crisis is being exacerbated by climate change, even in the United States. Recycled water is a feasible alternative to alleviate the water shortage, but it is constrained by humans’ perceptions. The current study examines how residents’ water scarcity awareness and climate change belief influence their willingness to use recycled water directly and indirectly. Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) analytics was employed on a dataset of 1831 residents in Albuquerque, New Mexico, an arid inland region in the US. We (...) discovered that residents’ willingness to use direct recycled potable water is positively affected by their awareness of water scarcity, but the effect is conditional on their belief in the impacts of climate change on the water cycle. Meanwhile, the willingness to use indirect recycled potable water is influenced by water scarcity awareness, and the belief in climate change further enhances this effect. These findings implicate that fighting climate change denialism and informing the public of the water scarcity situation in the region can contribute to the effectiveness and sustainability of long-term water conservation and climate change alleviation efforts. (shrink)

Sự phát triển nhanh chóng của các nền tảng thương mại điện tử đã làm thay đổi hành vi mua sắm của người tiêu dùng, đặc biệt thông qua tính năng phát trực tiếp (livestream). Nghiên cứu này xác định và đo lường các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến hành vi mua sắm ngẫu hứng của sinh viên đại học thông qua phiên livestream trên các nền tảng thương mại điện tử tại TP. Hồ Chí Minh. Khảo sát được thực (...) hiện với 192 sinh viên và dữ liệu được phân tích bằng phần mềm SPSS 22.0. Kết quả chỉ ra 5 yếu tố chính ảnh hưởng đáng kể đến quyết định mua sắm ngẫu hứng, bao gồm: Trực quan, Tương tác, Chiêu thị, Cảm xúc và Thuận tiện. Kết quả nghiên cứu này cung cấp những hiểu biết quan trọng cho các nhà tiếp thị và doanh nghiệp nhằm tăng cường sự tương tác và doanh số bán hàng thông qua livestream trên các nền tảng thương mại điện tử. (shrink)

Hiện nay, quản trị nhân lực xanh đang là xu thế tất yếu đối với sự phát triển bền vững của các doanh nghiệp. Bởi, quản trị nguồn nhân lực xanh có thể đạt được việc sử dụng bền vững các nguồn lực của tổ chức thông qua các hoạt động quản lý nguồn nhân lực, từ đó thúc đẩy sự phát triển bền vững của tổ chức (Al Mamun, M. A, 2019). Bài viết hệ thống hóa cơ sở lý (...) luận về quản trị nhân lực xanh, phân tích các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến quản trị nhân lực xanh và đề xuất một số giải pháp thực hành quản trị nhân lực xanh trong các doanh nghiệp Việt Nam. -/- [Currently, green human resource management is an inevitable trend for the sustainable development of businesses. Green human resource management can achieve sustainable use of organizational resources through human resource management activities, thereby promoting the sustainable development of the organization (Al Mamun, M. A, 2019). This article systematizes the theoretical basis of green human resource management, analyses factors affecting green human resource management and proposes some practical solutions for green human resource management in Vietnamese enterprises]. (shrink)

Nghiên cứu này tập trung vào việc xác định và đo lường các yếu tố hạn chế sự tham gia của sinh viên vào thương mại điện tử (TMĐT) tại TP. Hồ Chí Minh. Sử dụng lý thuyết hành vi dự định, lý thuyết rủi ro nhận thức và lý thuyết năng lực cá nhân, nghiên cứu đã xây dựng mô hình bao gồm các biến: Năng lực cá nhân, Nhận thức sự sở hữu từ TMĐT, Giao hàng chặng cuối, (...) Rủi ro về kỹ thuật và công nghệ, Rủi ro về sản phẩm và Bảo mật thông tin. Kết quả cho thấy, các yếu tố này có tác động đáng kể đến quyết định tham gia TMĐT của sinh viên, từ đó đề xuất các giải pháp nhằm thúc đẩy sự phát triển TMĐT trong nhóm đối tượng này. (shrink)

Confucius aimed to overcome the Spring and Autumn period and achieve order by restoring the humanist tradition and putting it right. At the same time, Confucius distanced himself from discovering the order of natural things, which caused him to be regarded as a representative humanist philosopher. This interpretation could be misleading in that it overlooks the natural aspect of Confucian philosophy. To that aspect, this article asserts that a moral practice in Confucianism has a natural character. The point emphasizing the (...) natural character of Confucian philosophy must be argued in a way in that it does not disregard the humanist character of Confucian thought. This is possible by recognizing the dual aspect of Zhi (直), and I argue further that Confucius can be interpreted through the concept of moral naturalism. Definitions of Zhi in the Analects indicates that morality bases itself on forms of human life developed in a natural way. Confucius’s references surrounding Zhi underlie the concept that our moral beliefs and actions are not solely justified by reason alone but in a sense also depend on facts in the natural world, providing grounds to interpret his moral philosophy as a naturalism. On the other hand, that Confucius thinks Zhi alone cannot make one Ren differentiates his position from strong naturalism, which reduces the normative realm of morality to causal laws of nature. From his emphasis on the cultivation of the given dispositions to personality, one can infer that Confucius did not agree with the reduction of moral norms to natural facts. The duality of Zhi showing the aspect of morality being forced by nature while not negating the proper character of morality can be properly and coherently understood from the view of soft naturalism. (shrink)

Năng lực số được hiểu là những khả năng phù hợp của một cá nhân để sống, học tập và làm việc trong một xã hội số. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là khảo sát năng lực số của giảng viên (GV) thuộc lĩnh vực khoa học xã hội và nhân văn (KHXH&NV) trong bối cảnh có những yêu cầu ngày càng cao về các hoạt động học thuật số. Phương pháp nghiên cứu định lượng được áp dụng để (...) thu thập dữ liệu từ 135 GV. Phân tích dữ liệu thu được cho thấy GV có năng lực số tốt nhất trong các nhóm năng lực về sự thành thạo công nghệ thông tin và truyền thông (CNTT-TT) và hiệu quả sử dụng các ứng dụng CNTT-TT trong hoạt động nghiên cứu và giảng dạy; và thấp nhất trong các nhóm năng lực về quản lý dữ liệu, năng lực sáng tạo, và năng lực tham gia trong môi trường số. Kết quả nghiên cứu là nền tảng cho những đề tài tiếp theo để xem xét mối tương quan giữa năng lực số và nhân văn số, và giúp xây dựng chương trình huấn luyện nâng cao năng lực số cho GV trong thực hành học thuật KHXH&NV. (shrink)

Sự thâm nhập của trí tuệ nhân tạo (AI) tạo sinh vào ngành báo chí đã tạo nên sự thay đổi về xu hướng tiêu thụ và sản xuất thông tin. Cụ thể, có năm thay đổi trong xu hướng hành vi tiêu thụ và sản xuất thông tin như sau: việc tạo ra nội dung trở nên dễ dàng và đa dạng hơn; AI tạo sinh có thể là tiếp điểm mới của con người đối với dòng chảy của (...) tin tức; ranh giới mờ giữa người tiêu thụ thông tin và người sản xuất thông tin; sự thuận tiện, dễ dàng trong việc tạo ra giá trị gia tăng cho các nội dung; sụ thay đổi quá trình sáng tạo và thậm chí là định nghĩa về sự sáng tạo trong nghề báo chí. Từ năm thay đổi trong hành vi trên, những ảnh hưởng lên kinh tế báo chí của AI tạo sinh đã được phân tích. Các phân tích chạm tới cả mặt tích cực của AI tạo sinh trong việc giảm chi phí và tăng giá trị của nội dung tin tức, cũng như những vấn đề đáng lo ngại đối với việc giảm doanh thu của báo chí: vấn đề tìm kiếm không nhấp chuột, bản quyền, đối tượng tiếp cận thông tin, kiểm soát chất lượng và nguồn tin. Những vấn đề trên cho thấy sự quan trọng trong việc sử dụng AI tạo sinh một cách có trách nhiệm xã hội và điều này đặt ra những câu hỏi đáng suy nghĩ cho toàn xã hội. (shrink)

Nghiên cứu tiến hành khảo sát 258 đối tượng là khách hàng đã hoặc đang tham gia bảo hiểm y tế (BHYT) tại 3 thành phố thuộc tỉnh Đồng Tháp (TP. Cao Lãnh, TP. Sa Đéc và TP. Hồng Ngự) để đánh giá mức độ ảnh hưởng của các nhân tố đến sự hài lòng của khách hàng về chất lượng dịch vụ BHYT tại Bảo hiểm xã hội (BHXH) tỉnh Đồng Tháp. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, 4 nhân (...) tố: Viên chức; Quy trình thủ tục; Sự tin cậy; Năng lực phục vụ đều có tác động khá chặt chẽ (sắp xếp theo mức độ giảm dần) đến Sự hài lòng của khách hàng đối với dịch vụ BHYT tại BHXH tỉnh Đồng Tháp. Từ đó, đề xuất một số hàm ý quản trị nhằm nâng cao chất lượng dịch vụ BHYT tại BHXH tỉnh Đồng Tháp trong thời gian tới. [The study conducted a survey of 258 customers who were or are currently participating in health insurance in three cities of Dong Thap province (Cao Lanh City, Sa Dec City and Hong Ngu City) so as to evaluate the influence of factors on customer satisfaction with the quality of health insurance services in Dong Thap province’s Social Insurance. Research results show that four factors (arranged in descending order of influence) including Officials, Procedures, Trust and Service capacity have a fairly close impact on customer satisfaction. From this finding, some management implications are proposed to improve the quality of health insurance services in Dong Thap province’s Social Insurance in the coming time.]. (shrink)

Trong ghi chép ngắn, chúng tôi đưa sớm ra một số suy nghĩ về việc xây dựng văn hóa phụng sự môi trường, xuất phát từ một góc nhìn gần gũi với hoạt động văn hóa, nghệ thuật. Đó là góc nhìn từ lối sống của một tập hợp, có lẽ hiện nay khá bé, những nhân vật được yêu mến bởi dông đảo công chúng khán giả, thông qua các vai diễn trên màn ảnh. Họ hay được gọi bằng (...) danh xưng rất đặc trưng văn chương, báo chí là những “minh tinh màn bạc”. Những suy nghĩ này có nguồn gốc từ thực tế quan sát được cho thấy, đôi khi những thứ gọi là “lạ đời” chẳng qua chỉ mang ý nghĩa không được số đông thực hành mà thôi. Nó không hoàn toàn mang ý nghĩa sai lạc, hay phản logic, hay trái đạo lý. Thậm chí có thể ngược lại, chưa chắc cái được số đông thực hành có nghĩa là đúng đắn, logic hay hợp đạo lý! (shrink)

Nghiên cứu này xem xét tác động của trải nghiệm ẩm thực đến ý định hành vi của khách du lịch đến TP. Huế - một địa phương nổi tiếng với ẩm thực tại Việt Nam. Dữ liệu của 255 khách du lịch nội địa đã được thu thập bằng bảng hỏi và phương pháp mô hình phương trình cấu trúc (SEM) đã được sử dụng để phân tích. Kết quả thực nghiệm cho thấy, Trải nghiệm ẩm thực có tác (...) động tích cực đến Hình ảnh điểm đến và Ý định giới thiệu điểm đến với người khác; Hình ảnh điểm đến có tác động tích cực đến Ý định quay lại và Ý định giới thiệu về điểm đến của khách du lịch; và Hình ảnh điểm đến làm trung gian cho mối quan hệ giữa Trải nghiệm ẩm thực và Ý định giới thiệu điểm đến. Trên cơ sở đó, nghiên cứu đề xuất một số hàm ý cho những người hoạt động du lịch và quản lý điểm đến du lịch nhằm thu hút khách du lịch tiềm năng đến với địa phương. (shrink)

[English abstract] In his last metaethical statement, Parfit revisits his earlier arguments for non-metaphysical normative non-naturalism , and points to the possibility of convergence between his view and Railton's non-analytical normative naturalism. I examine the basis of this convergence claim and find it unpersuasive, mainly because if their views converge on the same position, Parfit's non-natural norms exist only as predicates. In order to avoid this consequence, he needs to present a reason for believing in the existence of normative properties (...) . There is an indispensability argument implicit in his text, with concepts of sui generis normative ground and necessity at its centre. I discuss their main features and present problems besetting these concepts. (shrink)

We provide new findings that add to the growing body of empirical evidence that important epistemic intuitions converge across cultures. Specifically, we selected three recent studies conducted in the US that reported surprising effects of knowledge attribution among English speakers. We translated the vignettes used in those studies into Mandarin Chinese and Korean and then ran the studies with participants in Mainland China, Taiwan, and South Korea. We found that, strikingly, all three of the effects first obtained in the US (...) also emerged in the East Asian cultures we studied. Our findings not only cohere with but also provide—at least moderate—support for the existence of extensive convergences of important epistemic intuitions across cultures. (shrink)

Bài viết khám phá tác động thái độ xanh đến hành vi làm việc xanh của nhân viên trong Công ty Thép Sài Gòn. Nghiên cứu sử dụng phương pháp lấy mẫu ngẫu nhiên đơn giản và thu thập dữ liệu sơ cấp thông qua bảng câu hỏi liên quan đến thái độ xanh và hành vi làm việc xanh. Các phân tích đơn biến và hai biến được thực hiện để phân tích dữ liệu. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho (...) thấy, có tác động tích cực từ thái độ xanh đến hành vi làm việc xanh của nhân viên tại Công ty Thép Sài Gòn. Phát hiện này là cơ sở hướng các doanh nghiệp trong việc tạo động lực, phát triển thái độ xanh của nhân viên, để nhân viên có hành vi làm việc xanh tốt hơn. (shrink)

Philosophical orthodoxy holds that pains are mental states, taking this to reflect the ordinary conception of pain. Despite this, evidence is mounting that English speakers do not tend to conceptualize pains in this way; rather, they tend to treat pains as being bodily states. We hypothesize that this is driven by two primary factors—the phenomenology of feeling pains and the surface grammar of pain reports. There is reason to expect that neither of these factors is culturally specific, however, and thus (...) reason to expect that the empirical findings for English speakers will generalize to other cultures and other languages. In this article we begin to test this hypothesis, reporting the results of two cross-cultural studies comparing judgments about the location of referred pains between two groups—Americans and South Koreans—that we might otherwise expect to differ in how they understand pains. In line with our predictions, we find that both groups tend to conceive of pains as bodily states. (shrink)

Faced with the choice between saving one person and saving two others, what should we do? It seems intuitively plausible that we ought to save the two, and many forms of consequentialists offer a straightforward rationale for the intuition by appealing to interpersonal aggregation. But still many other philosophers attempt to provide a justification for the duty to save the greater number without combining utilities or claims of separate individuals. I argue against one such attempt proposed by Iwao Hirose. Despite (...) being consequentialist, his argument is aggregation-free since it relies on a non-aggregative value judgement method, instead of interpersonal aggregation, to establish that (other things being equal) a state of affairs is better when more people survive therein. I do not take issue with its consequentialist element; rather, I claim that there is no good reason to adopt the method in question, and thus no good reason to be moved by his argument overall. What we are in search of is not merely a logically possible method that can produce the conclusion that we already want, but one that we have good reason to adopt. Hirose's argument elegantly demonstrates how it could possibly be true that it is right to save the greater number; but it fails to show that we have reason to believe so - even when we do not combine the interests of different individuals. (shrink)

While investigating the value of achievements, Dunkle claims that lucky achievements are possible. For instance, if a person does great works, then it is possible that the works have the status of achievements, even if luck plays a crucial role in doing the great works. Rather than examining Dunkle’s claim, this paper proceeds discussion under the assumption that lucky achievements are possible. In particular, based on this assumption, this paper suggests a new approach to the nature of achievement named the (...) Comparative Value Approach. According to the comparative value approach, a product can have the status of an achievement if the product is valuable in an achievement-relevant domain, and in that domain the product is valuable more than most other items which either have been achieved or can be achieved by others. This paper shows that the comparative value approach successfully explains the cases of achievements, including the cases of lucky achievements. Besides this reason, this paper provides three more reasons to show that the comparative value approach is a feasible view of achievements. The comparative value approach can accommodate the fact that there are various kinds of achievements; the approach can explain the relation between the nature of achievement and the achievement-value of a product; and the approach can show why in determining the status of a product it matters that for average people achieving a similar kind of product is sufficiently difficult. Based on these four reasons, this paper concludes that the comparative value approach is a plausible understanding of achievements. (shrink)

Simion and Kelp explain the trustworthiness of an AI based on that AI’s disposition to meet its obligations. Roughly speaking, according to Simion and Kelp, an AI is trustworthy regarding its task if and only if that AI is obliged to complete the task and its disposition to complete the task is strong enough. Furthermore, an AI is obliged to complete a task in the case where the task is the AI’s etiological function or design function. This account has a (...) strength in that it can provide a unificatory rationale for the trustworthy-making properties of AIs. According to this account, being explainable, being safe, and being transparent are the trustworthy-making properties of an AI because an AI can fulfill its etiological or design functions in the case where it is explainable, safe, and transparent. This paper shows that though Simion and Kelp’s account has a strength, this account is not satisfactory for two reasons. The first reason is that an AI’s trustworthiness is not determined just by the AI’s disposition to meet obligations, and the second reason is that it is difficult to explain how an AI’s etiological function and design function have to do with that AI’s obligations. To provide a full-fledged account, Simion and Kelp should dismiss these concerns. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that Leibniz's ethics is a kind of virtue ethics where virtues of the agent are explanatorily primary. I first examine how Leibniz obtained his conception of justice as a kind of love in an early text, Elements of Natural Law. I show that in this text Leibniz's goal was to find a satisfactory definition of justice that could reconcile egoism with altruism, and that this was achieved through the Aristotelian virtue of friendship where friends treat (...) each other as “other selves.” Following this decisive moment, Leibniz adopted an Aristotle‐inspired ethical framework where the virtuous agent is central for moral evaluations. I then show that, despite certain developments, Leibniz's ethics retained this essential feature throughout his career. In Leibniz's later writings, God constitutes the foundation of the moral realm, and the fundamental moral endeavor of human beings consists in the imitation of God. (shrink)

Despite being a milestone in the history of statistical causal inference, Sewall Wright’s 1918 invention of path analysis did not receive much immediate attention from the statistical and scientific community. Through a careful historical analysis, this paper reveals some previously overlooked philosophical issues concerning the history of causal inference. Placing the invention of path analysis in a broader historical and intellectual context, I portray the scientific community’s initial lack of interest in the method as a natural consequence of relevant scientific (...) and philosophical conditions. In addition to Karl Pearson’s positivist refutation of causation, I contend that the acceptance of path analysis faced several other challenges, including the introduction of a new formalism, conceptual barriers to causal inference, and the lack of model-based statistical thinking. The presence of these challenges shows that the delayed progress in causal inference in the early twentieth century was inevitable. (shrink)

The redemption thesis assumes that how events in a person’s life are related to one another is important in evaluating the person’s welfare throughout life. In particular, according to this thesis of welfare, the fact that a person’s previous hardships contribute to bringing out the same person’s later successes, and the person would regard the hardships as having been worthwhile in light of the successes makes the person’s life better for the person herself. Recently, Ian D. Dunkle provided four objections (...) to the redemption thesis: the intuition concern, the different redemptions argument, the downplaying hardships argument, and the reconciled irreconcilables argument. This paper examines these four objections. In particular, this paper dismisses all the objections showing that the redemption thesis bases on an appealing idea, does not consider the degree of hardship significant in itself, has plausible reasons to evaluate hardships not as serious as people think, and can successfully reconcile its synchronic and diachronic evaluations. (shrink)

Some goals have special significance to agents. For instance, an agent could find her life worth living because she is pursuing her current goal, and the agent could also think that her previous life has no value because she did not pursue the current goal. If an agent’s current goal has special importance to the agent, then in terms of prudence the agent’s decision to obtain her current goal could be permissible even in the case where achieving her previous goal (...) brings out larger advantages. A widely endorsed thesis of prudence (i.e. the temporal neutrality thesis) does not successfully explain this phenomenon of goal achievement. Furthermore, the present-aim thesis and the harmony thesis also fail in explaining why an agent has prudential reason to prioritize her current goal. This paper introduces a new thesis of prudence, according to which an agent’s caring is significant in deciding whether the agent’s actions are prudentially permissible. In particular, after introducing this thesis named the care thesis, I argue that the care thesis can explain why an agent has reason to prioritize her current goal if the agent finds her life worth living due to her current goal. It is permissible that an agent obtains her current goal rather than previous goal because achieving her current goal benefits the agent’s cared one (i.e. the self who pursues her current goal). (shrink)

Luck egalitarians equalize the outcome enjoyed by people who exemplify the same degree of distributive desert by removing the influence of luck. They also try to calibrate differential rewards according to the pattern of distributive desert. This entails that they have to decide upon, among other things, the rate of reward, i.e., a principled way of distributing rewards to groups exercising different degrees of the relevant desert. However, the problem of the choice of reward principle is a relatively and undeservedly (...) neglected issue among luck egalitarians. The main goal of this paper is to highlight the importance and difficulty of this problem, and to elaborate upon G. A. Cohen's community-oriented response to it. In the last section, I provide a taxonomy of distributive pluralism, contrasting Cohen’s view with other (not so genuine) pluralisms - especially with all-things-considered varieties - while trying to motivate readers to adopt the more robust form of pluralism. (shrink)

Common notions of comparative philosophy tend to be strongly configured by the East-West axis. This essay suggests ways of seeing Latin American liberation philosophy as a form of comparative philosophy and an important Latin American thinker as being relevant for East-West political philosophy. The essay focuses on the Peruvian activist and intellectual, José Mariátegui, who is widely regarded to have been a leading Marxist, liberatory, and decolonial figure in 20th century Latin America. Like many “Third World” intellectuals of the interwar (...) years, Mariátegui had an interest in decolonization struggles in Asia and wrote with some consistency on this subject and in ways that bear significantly upon key themes in his political theory. Since very little of this has received commentary, this essay begins a discussion of Mariátegui's decolonial experimentation with ideas about Asia, decolonization, and indigenous cultural forms, like those of the Incas and Confucians. After some preliminary discussion of Euro.. (shrink)

世界化는 우리 경제의 현실이자 우리의 일상을 지배하고 있다. 그러나 기존의 세계화에 대한 우리의 관심은 경제영역을 중심으로 전개되고 있다. 세계경제의 밀도증가는 이를 관리할 수 있는 정치․경제적 패러다임을 요구하게 된다. 국제형사재판소의 설립 및 최근 우리 외교력의 신장과 함께 차제에 법학자로서 국제적 차원의 民主主義와 法治主義의 가능성을 살펴보는 것은 의미가 있다. 민주주의의 장으로서 국제사회는 국가사회와는 다른 다양한 변수가 있으며, 이를 이론적으로 체계화·제도화하는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니다. 또한 민주주의와 법치주의가 실현되는 것은 제도 이전에 시민의 자각을 필요로 한다. 세계시민의 자각과 참여가 전제된다면, 현재의 단계에서도 미흡하나마 국제적 (...) 차원의 민주주의와 世界法體制에 의한 법의 지배가 가능하다고 본다. 즉 신체의 자유, 소유권의 보호, 경제행위의 자유 등 기본적 인권이 보장되고, 다차원적인 국제통치 구조를 가지고 있다는 것이다. 본고에서는 法史的․法哲學的 觀點에서 가장 순수한 이론적 프레임워크인 켈젠의 주장을 시작으로, 정치․법제적 현실 및 이론적 문제점 등에 관하여 살펴본다. 즉 민주주의의 기본원리인 시민참여, 토론과 대화, 다수결, 소수자보호 등에 기초하여 이론과 현실을 고찰하는 한편, 국제법의 발전과 가칭 세계법체제의 메카니즘 및 그 역사적 발전 및 성격에 관하여 살펴보고, 그 의의를 규명한다. (shrink)

1995년 세계무역기구가 출범하면서 구 GATT체제와 달리 국제통상에 관한 분쟁해결절차가 대폭 정 비되었다. 逆滿場一致制의 채택, 處理時限의 명시, 국제통상에 있어 법치주의의 구체화를 위한 抗訴機 構의 설치 등 舊體制와는 매우 다른 양상을 보이고 있다. 우리의 경우 국제무역은 국가의 미래가 걸려 있는 문제이고, 세계가 경제전쟁화되고 있는 현실에서 이러한 체제변화는 우리 정부나 법률 전문가의 관심 사항이 아닐 수 없다. 이러한 맥락에서 본고는 법치주의, 사법적극주의, 심판관의 역할이라는 명 제하에 세계무역기구 항소기구체제의 성격과 문제점을 조명하고 검토한다. 세계무역기구 분쟁해결시스 템은 국내사법체제나 다른 국제사법체제와 달리 비교적 역사가 일천하나, 향후 선례의 (...) 축적에 따라서 는 국제사회에서의 법치주의 달성에 있어 하나의 典型을 제공할 수 있는 가능성이 크다. 그러나 국제 협정체제라는 본질적 한계로 인하여 항소기구가 처하고 있는 현실은 그리 쉬운 것도 아니다. 국제통상 에 있어서의 법치주의와 항소기구, 심판관의 역할문제는 매우 광범위한 문제영역에 걸쳐 있는 문제지 만, 본고에서는 먼저 세계무역기구 출범의 의의와 성격을 살펴보고, 나아가 법치주의와 사법제도, 세계 무역기구 분쟁해결시스템의 성격과 Judge-made law의 중요성, 항소기구심판권의 범위와 한계, 절차 밖의 자가 제출한 참고자료의 문제, 항소기구와 정치기관 간의 관계 및 사법적극주의 문제 등에 관하 여 몇가지 事例와 比較法史的 접근방식을 통하여 논한다. (shrink)

And not just look; one needs to know where to look as well. In this case: look upwards, on the second floor of the old townhouses, which has not been replaced by showcasing pavilions or modern glass doors. Some houses have been repainted, but the architecture – the form of the story, the shapes, and construction of the balconies, the decorating sculptures – still exudes a century-old familiarity. So it turns out that Phố Phái, though no longer intact, is still (...) present here. (shrink)

Nghiên cứu nhằm xác định các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến quyết định mua các sản phẩm thân thiện với môi trường của cư dân trong đại đô thị Vinhomes Grand Park. Kết quả nghiên cứu chỉ ra 6 nhân tố: (1) Thái độ hướng đến bảo vệ môi trường; (2) Chuẩn chủ quan; (3) Chất lượng sản phẩm tốt; (4) Giá cả sản phẩm; (5) Truyền thông xã hội đều có ảnh hưởng đến quyết định mua các sản phẩm (...) thân thiện với môi trường. Qua đó, tác giả đề xuất hàm ý quản trị nhằm nâng cao chiến lược phát triển thị trường sản phẩm thân thiện với môi trường của cư dân. (shrink)

In men and women sexual arousal culminates in orgasm, with female orgasm solely from sexual intercourse often regarded as a unique feature of human sexuality. However, orgasm from sexual intercourse occurs more reliably in men than in women, likely reflecting the different types of physical stimulation men and women require for orgasm. In men, orgasms are under strong selective pressure as orgasms are coupled with ejaculation and thus contribute to male reproductive success. By contrast, women's orgasms in intercourse are highly (...) variable and are under little selective pressure as they are not a reproductive necessity. The proximal mechanisms producing variability in women's orgasms are little understood. In 1924 Marie Bonaparte proposed that a shorter distance between a woman's clitoris and her urethral meatus (CUMD) increased her likelihood of experiencing orgasm in intercourse. She based this on her published data that were never statistically analyzed. In 1940 Landis and colleagues published similar data suggesting the same relationship, but these data too were never fully analyzed. We analyzed raw data from these two studies and found that both demonstrate a strong inverse relationship between CUMD and orgasm during intercourse. Unresolved is whether this increased likelihood of orgasm with shorter CUMD reflects increased penile–clitoral contact during sexual intercourse or increased penile stimulation of internal aspects of the clitoris. CUMD likely reflects prenatal androgen exposure, with higher androgen levels producing larger distances. Thus these results suggest that women exposed to lower levels of prenatal androgens are more likely to experience orgasm during sexual intercourse. . (shrink)

Thông qua khảo sát 280 nhân viên đang làm việc tại Công ty Cổ phần Tập đoàn An Phát Holdings (sau đây gọi tắt là Công ty An Phát Holdings), nghiên cứu nhằm tìm ra và đánh giá tác động của các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến Ý định áp dụng công nghệ số vào đào tạo nhân lực tại Công ty An Phát Holdings. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, có 4 nhân tố có ảnh hưởng đến Ý định (...) áp dụng công nghệ số vào đào tạo nhân lực tại Công ty An Phát Holdings, đó là: (1) Hiệu quả mong đợi; (2) Nỗ lực mong đợi; (3) Điều kiện thuận lợi; (4) Động lực thụ hưởng. Từ đó, nhóm tác giả đề xuất một số khuyến nghị đối với Công ty An Phát Holdings, nhằm thúc đẩy việc áp dụng công nghệ số vào đào tạo nguồn nhân lực tại Công ty. (shrink)

In this study, we examine the philosophical bases of one of the leading clinical psychological methods of therapy for anxiety, anger, and depression, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). We trace this method back to its philosophical roots in the Stoic, Buddhist, Taoist, and Existentialist philosophical traditions. We start by discussing the tenets of CBT, and then we expand on the philosophical traditions that ground this approach. Given that CBT has had a clinically measured positive effect on the psychological well-being of individuals, (...) it becomes important to study the philosophical foundations on which this therapy is based. (shrink)

These comments, which take the form of criticism and response, were the basis of a zoom conversation at the Eastern APA, January 2021. Josh is putting them up on philpapers (with permission from all involved) in case they are helpful to people interested in the themes of this book.

Philip Kitcher’s The Ethical Project trios to vindicates ethics through an analysis of its evolutionary and cultural history, a history which in turn, he thinks, supports a particular conception of the role of moral thinking and normative practices in human social life. As Kitcher sees it, that role could hardly be more central: most of what makes human life human, and preferable to the fraught and impoverished societies of the great apes, depends on moral cognition. Prom this view of the (...) role of the ethical project as a social technology, Kitcher derives an account of moral progress and even moral truth: a normative analogue of the idea that truth is the convergence of rational enquiry. To Kitcher’s history, I present an anti-history. Most of what is good about human social life depends on the expansion of our social emotions, not on our capacities to articulate and internalise explicit norms. Indeed, since the Holocene and the origins of complex society, normative thought and normative institutions have been more prominent as tools of exploitation and oppression than as mechanisms of a social peace that balances individual desire with collective co-operation. I argue that the vindication project fails in its own terms: even given Kitcher’s distinctive pragmatic concept of vindication, history debunks rather than vindicates moral cognition. (shrink)

Considering questions at the intersection of time and fiction deepens our understanding of fiction, introduces new questions for philosophy of time, and brings analytic philosophy in discussion with narratology. Philosophers debate whether fictional time can be tensed, whether fictional time can branch, repeat, pause, rewind, or skip and whether fictional time travel is possible. Much of the way we answer these questions will depend on our overall commitment to the nature of fiction. It’s also unclear what, if anything, we can (...) learn about the metaphysics of time from fiction. This chapter will introduce readers to discussions that are shaping the debates in this domain. (shrink)

Comic is one of the paradigmatic forms of hybrid media, and coming up with a satisfactory definition for it has been difficult. Sam Cowling and Ley Cray (2022) take a functional approach and offer an Intentional Picture-Reading View which defines comics as something that is “aptly intended to be picture-read.” I show that the view is extensionally inadequate as is because formally ambitious prose and concrete poetry, too, are aptly intended to be picture-read. The way forward, I argue, is to (...) look at more medium-specific non-depictive images (such as speech balloons and panels) to set comics apart from other hybrid media. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that there is a structural parallelism between law and physics in Leibniz since his early years, which has significant influence on the formation of his views. I start by examining Leibniz's early physical system and an analogy with juridical laws that he uses to explain the structure of physical laws. Then, I argue that this analogy stems from an envisioned parallelism between law and physics. Finally, I illustrate the significance of this legal-physical parallelism by arguing (...) that it underlies some of Leibniz's mature views. Most importantly, I argue that the parallelism explains the origin of architectonic principles or optimality principles in Leibniz's mature physics. (shrink)

Part of a book symposium for Peter Langland-Hassan's Explaining Imagination (2020).

This paper aims both to tackle the technical issue of deciphering Hobbes’s derivation of the sine law of refraction and to throw some light to the broader issue of Hobbes’s mechanical philosophy. I start by recapitulating the polemics between Hobbes and Descartes concerning Descartes’ optics. I argue that, first, Hobbes’s criticisms do expose certain shortcomings of Descartes’ optics which presupposes a twofold distinction between real motion and inclination to motion, and between motion itself and determination of motion; second, Hobbes’s optical (...) theory presented in Tractatus Opticus I constitutes a more economical alternative, which eliminates the twofold distinction and only admits actual local motion, and Hobbes’s derivation of the sine law presented therein, which I call “the early model” and which was retained in Tractatus Opticus II and First Draught, is mathematically consistent and physically meaningful. These two points give Hobbes’s early optics some theoretical advantage over that of Descartes. However, an issue that has baffled commentators is that, in De Corpore Hobbes’s derivation of the sine law seems to be completely different from that presented in his earlier works, furthermore, it does not make any intuitive sense. I argue that the derivation of the sine law in De Corpore does make sense mathematically if we read it as a simplification of the early model, and Hobbes has already hinted toward it in the last proposition of Tractatus Opticus I. But now the question becomes, why does Hobbes take himself to be entitled to present this simplified, seemingly question-begging form without having presented all the previous results? My conjecture is that the switch from the early model to the late model is symptomatic of Hobbes’s changing views on the relation between physics and mathematics. (shrink)

This article addresses the exclusivism–inclusivism debate about religious reasons in law within a justificatory liberal framework. The question of whether religious reasons have justificatory capacity for attaining public justification has increasingly been seen as a matter of how public justification is understood between two rival models: the consensus model being aligned with exclusivism, the convergence model with inclusivism. More recently, however, that alignment has been challenged with attempts to show that consensus can reach an equivalent degree of inclusivism as convergence. (...) Against this, I contend that the purported equivalence is misplaced. First, I identify a crucial ambiguity about public justification and two corresponding domains. Upon demonstrating these to be mutually independent and severable, I conclude that the moves to equalize the models are confined within the more narrow domain while, in the more fundamental domain, the choice of model continues to prove determinative as to the exclusivist or inclusivist valence of justificatory liberalism. (shrink)

The Constitution is the highest law of the country, while international law is a field of law that deals with the rights and obligations between countries. The essence of international community is of decentralized nature, in which the legal order is formed according to the principle of sovereign equality. However, there are many perspectives that approach the international community and international law from a universalistic and idealistic viewpoint. In other words, if the positivist and pseudo-oriented view of international law is (...) the reality of international community and international law, the universalist or idealist perception of international law can be said to be their goals. It is true that those two perspectives on international community and international law are neither omnicient nor all-perceiving, but complexly intertwined. The Constitution and international law, which can be considered the two axes of public law, are closely interrelated to the formation of a modern absolute state and civic democracy. The absoluteness of state power and civic democracy are doomed to fate our present and our future. This is not only such fundamental political order, but it also has become a foundation for the development of modern and contemporary order of law. And the two dimensions of order, politics and law, are developing in a dialectical manner. Under this background, this paper aims to provide a harmonious view sprucing up the reality of public law that penetrates both of the international and domestic society within a large framework. It is for research purpose and needs an effort of work by reviewing and analyzing the essence, commonalities, and differences among various adjacent concepts of the Constitution and international law discourse. This paper first begins with a discussion by presenting the historical development of existing hard legal system that penetrates the Constitution and international law through their realistic framework. Furthermore, we look at the softness of international law, conceptual discourse on the international law and world law, international constitutionalism and constitutional theory, and a compendium of world administrative law. We look at the background for the development of these commentaries, the main topics of discussion, and their commonalities or differences. Finally we briefly diagnose and place the future of new sermons that needs to be adduced due to changes in the international community. (shrink)

The articles in this issue represent the pursuit of a new understanding of the human past, one that can replace the neo-saltationist view of a human revolution with models that can account for the complexities of the archaeological record and of human social lives. The articulation of archaeological, philosophical, and biological perspectives seems to offer a strong foundation for exploring available evidence, and this was the rationale for collecting these particular articles. Even at this preliminary stage there is a coherence (...) emerging in proposals: the origin and operation of symbolically rich, complexly signaling human social systems was the consequence of the long-term evolution of multiple components of perceiving and negotiating social interactions, a contingent outcome of myriad adaptive shifts rather than a single event. (shrink)

How can we ameliorate the current immigration policies toward Mexican people immigrating to the United States? This study re-examines how the development of scenarios assisted South Africa to dismantle apartheid without engaging in a bloody civil war. Following the scenario approach, we articulate positions taken by different interest groups involved in the debate concerning immigration from Mexico. Next, we formulate a set of scenarios which are evaluated as to how well each contributes to the well-being of the populace both of (...) Mexico and of the United States. The South African scenario model has proven to be an effective tool in times of political disagreement. It fosters a common language among competing groups, non-hierarchal communication among groups, and acknowledgement of the concerns of each group involved. (shrink)

_ Source: _Page Count 25 This is a pre-print. Please cite only the revised published version. This paper presents an original, ambitious, truth-directed transcendental argument for the existence of an ‘external world’. It begins with a double-headed starting-point: Stroud’s own remarks on the necessary conditions of language in general, and Hegel’s critique of the “fear of error.” The paper argues that the sceptical challenge requires a particular critical concept of thought as that which may diverge from reality, and that this (...) concept is possible only through reflection on situations of error, in which how things are thought to be diverges from how things really are with independent items in an objective world. The existence of such a world is therefore a necessary condition of the possibility of scepticism: such scepticism is therefore false. I defend the argument against objections from Stroud’s sceptic and others. Drawing on Heidegger, the paper concludes by indicating that the chain of necessary conditions includes practical engagement with the world. (shrink)

Mới đây, chương trình máy tính ‘bayesvl’ chạy trên môi trường R do TS. Vương Quân Hoàng và kĩ sư Lã Việt Phương (Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Xã hội Liên ngành ISR, Đại học Phenikaa) thiết kế và phát triển chính thức được ra mắt trên CRAN - hệ thống thư viện chuẩn của R...

The past three years’ successes and failures have helped the Vietnamese government have a clearer view of its abilities and limitations to become more efficient and better prepared for future crises.

S. C. Gibb holds that some mental events enable physical events to take place by acting as ‘double preventers’ which prevent other mental events from effecting change in the physical domain. She argues that this enables a dualist account of psychophysical interaction consistent with the causal relevance of mental events, their distinctness from physical events, the causal closure of the physical and the exclusion of systematic overdetermination. While accepting the causal powers metaphysic, this paper argues that: Closure is maintained only (...) on the assumption of an implausible pre-ordained harmony between preventing and double-preventing mental events. Distinctness is preserved only at the cost of positing brute unexplained powers of mental and physical events to causally interact with each other. Exclusion is systematically violated in a substantial number of everyday cases. The case for Relevance made by the Double Prevention model is accordingly too weak to sustain a dualist approach to mental causation. (shrink)

Being robustly committed to state neutrality which does not permit the promotion of liberal-perfectionist ideals and denying that there is anything normatively relevant or ‘special’ about religion leaves liberal-egalitarians embroiled in a paradox. If religion is not special, how and why do liberal states afford it differential treatment (in comparison with non-religious analogues like secular doctrines or deeply-held beliefs of individual conscience)? This paper explores liberal-egalitarian strategies for resolving this paradox with predominant reference to the disaggregation strategy advanced by Cécile (...) Laborde. After discussing the novelty and advantages of disaggregation relative to other liberal-egalitarian strategies, the paper distinguishes between the coverage and the basis in justification of differential treatment to argue that disaggregation does not ultimately succeed in solving the latter. Despite this, reflecting on the clarifications achieved through disaggregation and the deeper issues of justification and justice emerging therefrom, the paper concludes by proposing the need to consider a lateral solution to the paradox and speculating on what this might look like. (shrink)

Human behavior is frequently described both in abstract, general terms and in concrete, specific terms. We asked whether these two ways of framing equivalent behaviors shift the inferences people make about the biological and psychological bases of those behaviors. In five experiments, we manipulated whether behaviors are presented concretely (i.e. with reference to a specific person, instantiated in the particular context of that person’s life) or abstractly (i.e. with reference to a category of people or behaviors across generalized contexts). People (...) judged concretely framed behaviors to be less biologically based and, on some dimensions, more psychologically based than the same behaviors framed in the abstract. These findings held true for both mental disorders (Experiments 1 and 2) and everyday behaviors (Experiments 4 and 5) and yielded downstream consequences for the perceived efficacy of disorder treatments (Experiment 3). Implications for science educators, students of science, and members of the lay public are discussed. (shrink)

자국의 통상이익을 확보하려는 국가의 노력과 무역의 자유화와 확대를 위한 경제심 판관으로서 WTO의 역할은 인류복지의 극대화를 위하여 한 방향으로 나아가면서도 충 돌하고 있다. 개별국가의 성장과 복지없는 인류복지의 극대화는 껍데기에 불과하고, 자유와 비차별(non-discrimination)의 원칙에 바탕한 기회균등, 공정경쟁조건의 보장이 없는 한 국제무역은 홉즈식 "즉발적 利己主義(spontaneous disorder)"만이 횡행하게 된 다. 이를 구제하기 위하여 국가적·국제적 통상관리체제가 발전되어 왔으며, WTO가 세 계경제헌법체제로서 많은 역할을 하고 있는 것은 주지의 사실이다. 많은 WTO업적 중 최근의 버드법 문제는 그 이례성과 전략성으로 인하여 양식있는 자의 관심이 대상이 되어 왔으며, 최근 미 (...) 연방법원과 WTO분쟁해결기구는 동 법의 적립금배분조항에 관 하여 국제적·국내적으로 위헌성을 확인한 바 있다. 그러나 양대 司法機關의 결정취지는 동일한 것이 아니다. 미국 연방법원은 문제된 버드법 조항이 헌법상 보장된 표현의 자 유와 평등권을 침해하여 위헌이라는 결정을 하였고, WTO분쟁해결기구는 반덤핑협정 이나 보조금협정 등 관련협정에서 허용하고 있지 않는 내용의 무역규제조치를 하였다 는 이유로 동법의 협정위반을 선언하고 그 철폐를 권고하였다. 이에 본고는 버드법상 적립금배분제도에 관한 양대 사법기관의 결정요지를 살펴보고, 헌법국가의 이상이라는 관점에서 사법기관의 역할과 버드법에 관한 사법심사가 주는 시사점을 음미하기로 한 다. 이는 종래의 외교통상문제와 국내문제의 엄별이라는 기존관념으로부터 헌법국가이 상의 역사적 의의와 발전, 국제법과 국내법의 관계, 사법기관의 국제적 협조와 연대라 는 관점에서 보다 적극적 자세로의 인식전환과 관련을 갖는다. 사법기관은 역사적으로 시민사회의 형성ㆍ발전에 있어 기본적 가치의 수호를 통하여 국제적ㆍ국내적 차원에서 중요한 역할을 하여 왔으나,현대 국제사회에서는 외교통상 행정영역의 발전에 뒤떨어 지는경향이있고, 세계헌법주의라는 관점에서 새로운 조명이 필요하다고 본다. 결론에 서는 현재 국제사회의 현실에서 사법부를 포함하여 우리정부의 전략적ㆍ법제적 대응 방안을 간략히 적시해 보도록 한다. (shrink)